Tagalog Completed Aspect

Rules for indicating completed aspect:

if basic form starts with	rule	basic form	completed
an affix starting with /m/	replace /m/ by /n/	magluto’ mabigyan maibigay*	nagluto’ nabigyan naibigay*
um-, or a consonant followed by um-	no change	kumain umalis	kumain umalis

if basic form starts with

rule

basic form

completed

an affix starting with /m/

replace /m/ by /n/

magluto’

mabigyan

maibigay*

nagluto’

nabigyan

naibigay*

um-, or
a consonant followed by um-

no change

kumain

umalis

kumain

umalis

if basic form starts with	an affix starting with /m/
rule	replace /m/ by /n/
basic form	magluto’ mabigyan maibigay*
completed	nagluto’ nabigyan naibigay*

if basic form starts with	um-, or a consonant followed by um-
rule	no change
basic form	kumain umalis
completed	kumain umalis

* Usually, the /i/ in /mai-/ and /nai-/ may be deleted. Thus: mabigay, nabigay.

In cases not covered above:

if basic form starts with	rule	basic form	completed
/l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/, or i- followed by /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/	insert /ni/ before /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/* remove final in/ hin/ nin if present	lutuan lasingin ilapit	nilutuan nilasing inilapit*
any other consonant, or i- followed by any other consonant	insert /in/ after first consonant remove final in/ hin/ nin if present	sabihan sabihin itapon	sinabihan sinabi itinapon*
a vowel, or i- followed by a vowel	place /in/ at beginning of word remove final in/ hin/ nin if present	alisan alisin iabot	inalisan inalis iniabot**

if basic form starts with

rule

basic form

completed

/l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/, or
i- followed by /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/

insert /ni/ before /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/*
remove final in/ hin/ nin if present

lutuan

lasingin

ilapit

nilutuan

nilasing

inilapit*

any other consonant, or
i- followed by any other consonant

insert /in/ after first consonant
remove final in/ hin/ nin if present

sabihan

sabihin

itapon

sinabihan

sinabi

itinapon*

a vowel, or
i- followed by a vowel

place /in/ at beginning of word
remove final in/ hin/ nin if present

alisan

alisin

iabot

inalisan

inalis

iniabot**

if basic form starts with	/l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/, or i- followed by /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/
rule	insert /ni/ before /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/* remove final in/ hin/ nin if present
basic form	lutuan lasingin ilapit
completed	nilutuan nilasing inilapit*

if basic form starts with	any other consonant, or i- followed by any other consonant
rule	insert /in/ after first consonant remove final in/ hin/ nin if present
basic form	sabihan sabihin itapon
completed	sinabihan sinabi itinapon*

if basic form starts with	a vowel, or i- followed by a vowel
rule	place /in/ at beginning of word remove final in/ hin/ nin if present
basic form	alisan alisin iabot
completed	inalisan inalis iniabot**

* Alternative: Insert /in/ after /l/, /r/, /w/ or /y/. Thus: linutuan, linasing, ilinapit.

** /i/ may be deleted from the completed form. Thus: nilapit, tinapon, inabot.

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